System And Method Of Administering A Pharmaceutical Gas To A Patient

ABSTRACT

Described are methods and systems for delivering pharmaceutical gas to a patient. The methods and systems utilize a high flow valve and a low flow valve in parallel flow paths. The pharmaceutical gas may be provided as a pulse during the first half of the patient&#39;s inspiratory cycle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/287,663, filed Nov. 2, 2011 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,433, filed Oct. 28, 2011, which are continuations of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/430,220, filed Apr. 27, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,091,549, issued Jan. 10, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/231,554, filed Sep. 21, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,523,752, issued Apr. 28, 2009, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to methods and systems for administering a pharmaceutical gas to a patient and, more particularly, to methods and systems for introducing carbon monoxide CO or nitric oxide NO to a patient.

The normal or conventional way of giving a pharmaceutical drug to a patient is to prescribe the dose based on the quantity of drug (usually in weight) per unit weight of the patient (e.g. mg/Kg) with the dose being specified to be delivered over a period of time or being repeated at specified intervals of time. This allows the user to control the quantity of drug and ensures the quantity of drug being delivered is in proportion to the patient's size. This is to reduce the patient to patient variability in response to the drug due to the size of the patient i.e. a 7 Kg baby will not get the same quantity of drug as a 80 Kg adult.

In recent times there have been a number of gases which have been shown to have pharmaceutical action in humans and animals. Examples include Nitric Oxide (NO) Zapol et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,485,827 and more recently Carbon Monoxide (CO) Otterbein et al (U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2003/0219496). In the Otterbein patent application, CO is described as having a pharmacological action in a number of medical conditions including ileus and vascular disease.

In these cases, the carbon monoxide gas needs to be delivered to the patients alveoli where it can move across the alveolar membrane and into the blood stream where its action can take effect. The current dosing used in these cases is for the patient to breath at a specified concentration of CO in ppm for a specified period of time. Accurate dosing of CO for these treatments is important as CO reacts with the hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin which means the hemoglobin is no longer able to carry oxygen to the tissues of the body. If too much CO is given, the patient may exhibit the toxic effects of CO for which it is usually known.

There is a tight window for CO delivery between the therapeutic level and the level that causes carboxyhemoglobin above safe levels. Up until now CO has been delivered as a constant concentration in the gas breathed by the patient/animal for a specified period of time. For example in reference 3 of the Otterbein publication, (Example 2 pg 13) the therapeutic dose delivered to mice for the treatment of ileus was 250 ppm of CO for 1 hour.

However, this method of dosing CO can be associated with large variability in the actual dose being delivered to the animal/humans alveoli. This variability is because the quantity of CO being delivered to the animal/patient is dependent on a number of variables including, but not limited to, the patients tidal volume, respiratory rate, diffusion rate across the alveolar and ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) matching.

The amount of CO delivered into a patient's alveoli can be determined by the ideal gas law as shown in the following equation:

N=PV/(R _(u) T)   (1)

Where: N is the number of moles of the gas (mole) P is the absolute pressure of the gas (joule/m³) V is the volume of the particular gas (m³), R_(u) is the universal gas constant, 8.315 joule/mole-K and T is the absolute temperature (K).

If we assume atmospheric pressure (101,315 joule/m³) and 20° C. (293 K) as the temperature and we express the volume in mL (10⁻⁶ m³), then equation (1) reduces to:

N=4.16×10⁻⁵V (moles)   (2)

Equation (2) can be used to calculate the number of moles of gas delivered to a patient's alveolar volume over a period of time when given a specified concentration by using the following equation:

N _(CO) =RR·t·C _(CO)·10⁻⁶·4.16×10⁻⁵V_(a)   (3)

Where; C_(CO) is the concentration of CO (ppm), V_(a) is the alveolar volume (mL), RR is the respiratory rate (BPM) and t is the time in minutes.

For example, if the CO dose for ileus in humans was 250 ppm of CO for one hour (60 minutes), the alveolar volume is 300 mL and the patients respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute (bpm) then the amount of CO gas in moles delivered to the patients alveoli over that period would be:

N _(CO)=12·60·250·10⁻⁶·4.16×10⁻⁵·300=2.25×10⁻³ moles

This can be converted into the mass of drug delivered (M_(CO)) using the gram molecular weight of CO which is 28 as shown in the following equation:

M _(CO) =N _(CO)·28=63×10⁻³ g=63 mg   (4)

However, although this works for a given set of assumptions, a spontaneous patient's respiratory rate can vary widely from perhaps 8 to 20 breaths per minute depending on circumstances and the patient's alveolar volume per breath can also vary significantly from say 200 to 400 mL depending on the metabolic need. These variables can have a dramatic effect on the amount of gaseous drug being delivered to the patient over the same period of time. For instance, if the patients respiratory rate was 8 bpm and the alveolar volume was 200 mL, the CO dose delivered to the patients alveoli would have been 27.8 (mg). Likewise if the patients respiratory rate was 20 bpm and the alveolar volume was 400 mL, then the dose delivered to the patients alveoli would have been 139.2 (mg) thus representing a five-fold difference in the amount of drug being delivered.

This means, in the example of CO, the quantity of gaseous drug a patient gets as measured in grams could vary substantially depending on the patient's ventilation pattern. For a dose based on constant concentration and time, the effect of these variables could mean that an individual patient could get significantly higher or lower doses of CO in grams and this could result in either high unsafe levels of carboxyhemoglobin or doses too low to be effective. Although not all the gaseous drug delivered to the alveoli will be taken up by the body's bloodstream (due to variables such as cardiac output and the diffusion coefficient of the gas) controlling the amount delivered to the alveoli takes away a major source of variability.

In addition, there is a need to administer NO to a patient in a predetermined quantity as described in “Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide bioavailabllity in sickle-cell disease”, Nature Medicine, Volume 8, Number 12, December 2002, pages 1383 et seq. This paper describes the use of inhaled NO to react with cell free hemoglobin to form plasma methemoglobin and so reduce the ability of the cell free hemoglobin in the plasma to consume endogenously produced NO (FIG. 5, page 1386). The quantity of NO delivered to the patient blood needs to be equivalent to the amount of cell free hemoglobin that is in the patients plasma. The amount of NO delivered to a sample of sickle cell patients was 80 ppm of NO for 1.5 hours. However, there was variability in the amount of methemoglobin produced in individual patients as shown by the error bars on FIG. 4 b. So, in a similar way to the CO example, a known quantity of NO needs to be delivered to a patient to provide the desired therapeutic effect and again it is important to remove any variability of delivery because of differences in the individual patient's respiratory pattern.

Accordingly, it would be advantageous to have a system and method of introducing pharmaceutical gases (such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide) that allows for the precise control of a known quantity of the pharmaceutical gas to be delivered to the patients alveoli and which is not subject to change based on the patients respiratory patterns.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a system and method for administering a pharmaceutical gas, such as nitric oxide, to the patient. One aspect of the present invention relates to a nitric oxide delivery system comprising an inlet to connect to a source of pharmaceutical gas comprising nitric oxide, an outlet to connect to a device that introduces the pharmaceutical gas to the patient, a low flow valve in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet, a high flow valve in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet and in parallel to the low flow valve, and a gas control system that delivers a pulse of the pharmaceutical gas through one or more of the low flow valve and the high flow valve. The low flow valve delivers the pharmaceutical gas at a first flow rate and the high flow valve delivers the pharmaceutical gas at a second flow rate that is higher than the first flow rate. According to one or more embodiments, the flow rate of the low flow valve is about 1 L/min and/or the flow rate of the high flow valve is about 6 L/min. In some embodiments, the ratio of the high flow rate to the low flow rate may be about 6:1.

In one or more embodiments, the gas control system delivers the pulse of pharmaceutical gas during the first half of the patient's inspiratory cycle. The nitric oxide delivery system may further comprise a patient trigger sensor that senses the beginning of a patient's inspiratory cycle.

The device that introduces the pharmaceutical gas to the patient may be in fluid communication with a ventilator. In some embodiments, the device that introduces the pharmaceutical gas to the patient may comprise one or more of a nasal cannula, an endotracheal tube and a face mask.

The source of pharmaceutical gas may comprise nitric oxide in a known concentration in a carrier gas. In one or more embodiments, the gas control system controls the volume of pharmaceutical gas delivered during the patient's breath based upon the concentration of the nitric oxide in the carrier gas.

In some embodiments, a desired quantity of the pharmaceutical gas is administered to the patient irrespective of the patient's respiratory patterns.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of administering a pharmaceutical gas comprising nitric oxide to a patient. In embodiments of this aspect, the method comprises providing a nitric oxide delivery system having a low flow valve and a high flow valve in parallel flow paths, sensing the beginning of patient inspiration and delivering a pulse of pharmaceutical gas comprising nitric oxide to the patient during inspiration through one or more of the low flow valve and the high flow valve. The method may further comprise determining the patient's respiratory rate.

According to one or more embodiments of this aspect, the flow rate of the low flow valve is about 1 L/min and/or the flow rate of the high flow valve is about 6 L/min. In some embodiments, the ratio of the high flow rate to the low flow rate may be about 6:1.

In one or more embodiments, the pulse of pharmaceutical gas is delivered during the first half of the patient's inspiratory cycle.

The source of pharmaceutical gas may comprise nitric oxide in a known concentration in a carrier gas. In one or more embodiments, the gas control system controls the volume of pharmaceutical gas delivered during the patient's breath based upon the concentration of the nitric oxide in the carrier gas.

In some embodiments, a desired quantity of the pharmaceutical gas is administered to the patient irrespective of the patient's respiratory patterns.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent during the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are views of a front panel of an apparatus for carrying out the present invention showing different user options;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the present invention used with a spontaneously breathing patient; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the present invention used with a patient being breathed by means of a ventilator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, CO is used as the pharmaceutical gas but the description can also be valid for NO. Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a front view of an apparatus that can be used in carrying out the present invention. As can be seen, there is a front panel 10 that can be a part of the apparatus and on that panel there are input setting knobs and displays which allow the user to set and monitor the amount of CO that is to be delivered to the patient.

The means for determining the desired quantity of CO to be delivered is by means of a setting control including an input setting knob 12 with the set amount being shown on the setting display 8. The units shown in FIG. 1 are in milligrams per kilogram that is, the units are measured in a dosage per kilogram of the patient's ideal body weight. Along with that input, there is a further input 14 whereby the user can enter the patient's ideal body weight in kilograms with the amount also displayed on the setting display 8. With those inputs, the user can set the quantity of the pharmaceutical gas to be administered to the patient in proportion to the size of the patient and which reduces the patient to patient variability in response to the pharmaceutical gas due to the size of the patient, i.e. a 7 kilogram baby will not be administered the same quantity of the pharmaceutical gas as a 80 kilogram adult.

The front panel 10 also has a monitor display 6 which can display total dose of CO (mg) to be delivered (shown at 16) as calculated for multiplying the dosage/kg by the patients ideal body weight in kg.

Once the desired quantity of gaseous drug has been set on the device the system then determines the amount of pharmaceutical gas that is to be delivered in each breath and the amount of time and/or the number of breaths that it will take to deliver the total desired quantity of drug. The monitor display 6 can also display a running total of the delivered dose of CO (mg) (shown at 17) as it is delivered to the patient so the user can monitor the progress of the treatment. This can be updated each breath as more pharmaceutical gas is delivered.

As stated, the units illustrated in FIG. 1 are in metric units, however, it can be seen that other units of mass and volume could be used in carrying out the present invention i.e. ounces and cubic inches and other designs of a front panel can be used as will later be understood.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a similar front panel 10 for the apparatus as shown in FIG. 1 but illustrating a different user setting option. The desired quantity of CO to be delivered to the patient is prescribed as a rate of delivery by means of a setting control including an input setting knob 13 and is in units of mg/hr of CO to be delivered. In this option, the device also allows the time duration (in hours) of treatment to be set by a means of an input setting knob 15. If required, the input setting by input setting knob 15 could be set to continuous where the dose per hour would run continuously until the user changed the setting. With these input settings, the apparatus can calculate and display the desired quantity of the pharmaceutical gas to be administered to the patient.

Also, as in FIG. 1, the front panel 10 also has a monitor display 6 which can display total dose of CO (mg) to be delivered (shown at 16) as calculated by multiplying the dosage/hr by the total time duration (hr.). Once the desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas has been set on the device, the system then determines the amount of pharmaceutical gas to be delivered in each breath and the amount of time and/or the number of breaths that it will take to deliver the total desired quantity of drug. As before, the monitor display 6 can display a running total of the delivered dose of CO (mg) (shown at 17) as it is delivered to the patient so the user can monitor the progress of the treatment. This can be updated each breath as more pharmaceutical gas is delivered.

As can be appreciated, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate two of the many options for setting the desired quantity and duration of pharmaceutical gas therapy. These options are not meant to be exhaustive and there are other setting options described or that can be understood from the detailed descriptions that follow.

Once the desired quantity of gaseous drug has been set on the device, the gas control system can then determine the amount of pharmaceutical gas to be delivered in each breath and the amount of time and/or the number of breaths that it will take to deliver the desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas.

There are a number of different approaches that the gas control system can use to determine the amount per breath and how long to deliver that dose so the desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas is delivered independent of the respiratory pattern of the patient:

a) The user can set the quantity of pharmaceutical gas to be delivered during each breath (M_(CO) breath) and the gas control system calculates the number of breaths (n_(breaths)) which will be required to deliver the total quantity of pharmaceutical gas (M_(CO)) i.e.

n _(breaths) =M _(CO) /M _(CO breath)   (5)

Once the total number of breaths (n_(breaths)) required has been determined the value can be displayed on the front panel 12 by means of display 16 to inform the user of the number of breaths.

b) The user can set the number of breaths (n_(breaths)) that will administer the total quantity of the pharmaceutical gas and the system calculates the amount per breath (M_(CO breath)) to be delivered.

M _(CO breath) =M _(CO) /n _(breaths) (mg)   (6)

Once the amount per breath (M_(CO breath)) to be delivered has been determined, the value can be displayed on the front panel 10 to inform the user of the amount.

(c) The user could set the time duration for which the treatment is to be delivered over. The amount per breath would then be determined by calculating the quantity per minute and then, by monitoring the patients respiration rate in breaths per minute, the amount of breath can be calculated. This calculation can be repeated after every breath so any changes in the patients respiratory rate does not affect the overall quantity of gaseous drug being delivered.

d) If the desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas was entered as a dose per Kg of the patient's ideal body weight (μg/kg) along with the patient's ideal body weight (Kg) then the amount per breath (M_(CO breath)) can be determined as a function of the patient's ideal body weight (IBW), the set dose per kilogram (M_(kg)) and the patient's monitored respiratory rate (RR) or combinations thereof;

M_(CO) breath=f (IBW, M_sub_kg, RR) and the number of breaths can then be calculated as;

n _(breaths) =M _(CO) /M _(CO breath)   (7)

Once the amount per breath (M_(CO) breath) and the number of breaths (n_(breaths)) required to be delivered has been determined, the values can be displayed on the front panel 10 to inform the user of the amounts the device has selected.

e) Instead of the ideal body weight (IBW) of the patient, the height and sex of the patient could be entered (which is how IBW is determined).

f) If the desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas per unit of time is entered into the device, then the device can calculate the quantity per breath to be delivered to the patient based on the current monitored respiratory breath rate (as determined by the breath trigger sensor). This quantity per breath can be recalculated after every breath when new information on the respiratory rate is available to ensure the quantity per unit of time is maintained even if the patient respiratory breath pattern changes over time.

g) There are also other ways of varying the quantity of pharmaceutical gas delivered per breath to ensure the quantity per unit of time is maintained even if the patients respiratory rate changes. Another example is where the device has two different amounts of delivery per breath, a high amount and a low amount. The device chooses which one to use based on the calculated quantity per unit of time being delivered over the past number of breaths. If the amount per unit of time is greater than required, it uses the low amount per breath until the situation corrects itself; likewise, if the quantity per unit of time is running low, then the unit switches to the high amount per breath.

The device can also have programmed limits which restrict the maximum and minimum values that can be selected for M_(CO) breath so that the system doesn't select inappropriately too high or too low values. These limits can be set to vary based on the patient's ideal body weight, or other indicator of the patient size such as the patient's height, or the respiratory rate of the patient.

The aforesaid information is sufficient for the system of the present invention to deliver the dose to the patient and to determine the amount per breath, time of administration or other parameter in order to commence the administration of CO and to terminate that administration when the user set quantity of the pharmaceutical gas has been delivered to the patient.

Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a schematic of a system that can be used to carry out the present invention when the patient is breathing spontaneously. As can be seen, there is a patient device 18 that delivers the dosage of the pharmaceutical gas from the gas delivery system 22 to the patient 41 via a gas conducting conduit 19. As indicated, the patient device 18 can be any one of a variety of devices that actually directs the pharmaceutical gas into the patient and may be a nasal cannula, a mask, an endotracheal tube and the like.

With the FIG. 3 embodiment, there is a source of the pharmaceutical gas by means of a gas supply tank 20 containing the pharmaceutical gas generally in a carrier gas. When the pharmaceutical gas is carbon monoxide, for example, the conventional, commercially available carrier gas is air. The supply of carbon monoxide and air is provided in concentrations of 3000 ppm however, concentrations within the range of 1000 to 5000 ppm of CO in air are also possible alternatives. In the case of NO as the pharmaceutical gas, the carrier gas is conventionally nitrogen and the typical available concentrations range from 100 ppm to 1600 ppm.

Accordingly, from the supply tank 20, there is a tank pressure gauge 21 and a regulator 23 to bring the tank pressure down to the working pressure of the gas delivery system 22. The pharmaceutical gas enters the gas delivery system 22 through an inlet 24 that can provide a ready connection between that delivery system 22 and the supply tank 20 via a conduit. The gas delivery system 22 has a filter 25 to ensure no contaminants can interfere with the safe operation of the system and a pressure sensor 27 to detect if the supply pressure is adequate and thereafter includes a gas shut off valve 26 as a control of the pharmaceutical gas entering the deliver system 22 and to provide safety control in the event the delivery system 22 is over delivering the pharmaceutical gas to the patient. In the event of such over delivery, the shut off valve 26 can be immediately closed and an alarm 42 sounded to alert the user that the gas delivery system has been disabled. As such, the shut off valve 26 can be a solenoid operated valve that is operated from signals directed from a central processing unit including a microprocessor.

Downstream from the shut off valve 26 is a flow control system that controls the flow of the pharmaceutical gas to the patient through the patient device 18. In the embodiment shown, the flow control system comprises a high flow control valve 28 and a low control valve 30 and just downstream from the high and low flow control valves 28, 30, respectively, are a high flow orifice 32 and a low flow orifice 34 and the purpose and use of the high and low flow valves 28, 30 and the high and low flow orifices 32, 34 will be later explained. A gas flow sensor 36 is also located in the flow of pharmaceutical gas to the patient device 18 and, as shown, is downstream from the flow control system, however, the gas flow sensor 36 may alternatively be located upstream of the flow control system.

Next, there is a patient trigger sensor 38. When the patient breathes in during inspiration it creates a small sub atmospheric pressure in the nose or other area where the patient device 18 is located, and hence in the patient device 18 itself. The patient trigger sensor 38 detects this pressure drop and provides a signal indicative of the start of inspiration of the patient. Similarly, when the patient breathes out there is a positive pressure in the patient device 18 and the patient trigger sensor 38 detects that positive pressure and provides a signal indicative of the beginning of expiration. This allows the patient trigger sensor 38 to determine not only the respiratory rate of the patient but also the inspiratory and expiratory times.

Finally there is a CPU 40 that communicates with the patient trigger sensor 38, the high and low flow valves 28, 30, the gas shut off valve 26 and other components in order to carry out the purpose and intent of the present invention. The CPU 40 may include a processing component such as a microprocessor to carry out all of the solutions to the equations that are used by the gas delivery system 22 to deliver the predetermined quantity of the pharmaceutical gas to a patient. The CPU 40 is connected to the front panel 10 where the user can enter settings and monitor therapy.

The use of the delivery system 22 of the present invention for spontaneous breathing can now be explained. When the delivery system 22 detects by means of the patient trigger sensor 38 that inspiration has started, there is a signal that is provided to the CPU 40 to deliver a dose of a pharmaceutical gas (M_(CO) breath) into the patient's inspiratory gas flow, preferably during the first ½ of the inspiratory cycle. This amount per breath has been determined based on the desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas that has been set on the system and the calculations made in a) to g) described earlier.

The actual volume of gas delivered during the breath depends on the concentration of the pharmaceutical gas in the carrier gas that is supplied by the supply tank 20. A typical source concentration (C_(CO)) for CO would be 3000 ppm (range 500 to 5000). The volume of source gas (V_(d)) per breath to provide a dose per breath (M_(CO) breath) when the source of CO is 3000 ppm is given by the following equation, combining equations 2, 3, 4 and 6;

V _(d) =M _(CO breath)/(28·C _(CO)·4.16×10⁻¹¹)   (8)

Given that M_(CO)=60×10⁻³ (g), C_(CO)=3000 (ppm), n_(breaths)=600, then V_(d)=28.6 (mL).

To deliver the volume of source gas per breath (V_(d)), that is, the pharmaceutical gas and the carrier gas, the delivery system 22 opens a flow control valve, such as high flow valve 28 or low flow valve 30 to allow the gas to flow to the patient until the volume per breath (V_(d)) has been delivered. The presence of the high flow orifice 32 and the low flow orifice 36 limits the flow of gas to a fixed set level during the period that the high or low flow valves 28, 30 are open so the delivery system 22 can determine the period of time the high or low flow valves 28, 30 should be open to deliver the volume per breath (V_(d)) required. Also, as another option, the flow can be determined by the gas flow sensor 36 to monitor the gas flow to the patient device 18 and thus to the patient and can shut off the appropriate high or low flow control valve 28, 30 when the desired predetermined quantity of pharmaceutical gas dose has been delivered to the patient.

As can be seen, to provide enough range to cover all the possible doses, the use of multiple flow valves, that is, the high flow valve 28 and the low flow valve 30 along with corresponding multiple orifices, high flow orifice 32 and low flow orifice 34, can be used in parallel so as to provide high and low ranges of gas flow. For instance, the low flow gas flow through the low flow valve 30 could be set to 1 L/min and the high flow gas flow through the high flow control valve 28 could be set to 6 L/min. The flow range of the particular gas flow valve is selected to ensure that the volume of gas per breath (V_(d)) can be delivered to the patient in at least ½ the inspiratory time.

As an example, if the patient was breathing at 12 breaths per minute and had an I:E ratio of 1:2 then the inspiratory time would be 1.66 seconds and half that would be 0.83 seconds.

The time (t) taken to deliver a V_(d) of 28 mL can be calculated as follows.

t=V _(d) 60/(Q·1000) (secs)   (9)

When Q (the flow of gas when the high flow valve 28 is open)=6 L/mins t=0.28 (secs).

That time is therefore well within ½ the inspiratory time allowed of 0.83 seconds.

The delivery system 22 can also include monitoring and alarm features to alert the user if the delivery system 22 is not working correctly. Those alarm conditions can be determined by the CPU 40 and the alarm 42 activated to alert the user to the particular fault condition. The alarm 42 can be audible, visual or both and the alarm conditions can be any one or all of the following: No breath detected Low source gas pressure Inaccurate delivery of the volume per breath (V_(d)) Over delivery of the volume per breath (V_(d)) Under delivery of the volume per breath (V_(d))

Under certain conditions, such as when the delivery system 22 is over delivering the pharmaceutical gas, the CPU 40 may signal the gas shut off valve 26 and immediately cease any further delivery of the pharmaceutical gas and the alarm 42 also activated.

The use of the alarm 42 can also be an alternative to actually shutting off the supply of the pharmaceutical gas to a patient when the predetermined desired quantity of pharmaceutical gas has been fully delivered to the patient. In such case, as an alternative to ceasing the further supply of the pharmaceutical gas to the patient, the delivery system 22 may, by means of the CPU 40, activate the alarm 42 to alert the user that the total predetermined desired quantity of the pharmaceutical gas has been delivered. The user can then determine whether to manually deactivate the delivery system 22 or continue the delivery of the pharmaceutical gas under more watchful control of the patient's status.

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is shown a schematic view of a gas delivery system 44 used in conjunction with a patient being breathed by a ventilator 46. In the FIG. 4 embodiment, again there is a supply tank 20 that includes a conventional gas regulator 23 and pressure gauge 21 to supply the pharmaceutical gas along with the carrier gas to an inlet 24 in the gas delivery system 44. Briefly summarizing the components of the FIG. 4 embodiment, since they are basically the same components as described with respect to the FIG. 3 embodiment, there can be a filter 25 and a pressure sensor 27 in the gas delivery system 44. Again there is a shut off valve 26 to control the overall flow of the pharmaceutical gas through the gas delivery system 44.

The high and low flow control valves 28 and 30 control the flow of the pharmaceutical gas through the gas delivery system 44 and, the high and low flow valves 28, 30 operate as described with respect to the FIG. 3 embodiment with high and low flow orifices 32, 34 located downstream of the flow control valves.

Again there is a gas flow sensor 36 and a patient trigger sensor 66, both of which communicate with the CPU 40. With this embodiment, however, the pharmaceutical gas is carried through an outlet conduit 70 to a patient device 72 that also receives the breathing gas from the ventilator 46. As such, the ventilator 46 delivers a flow of gas through the inspiratory limb 74 and gas is returned to the ventilator 46 through the expiratory limb 76.

The flow of gas from the ventilator 46 is thus supplemented by the flow of pharmaceutical gas from the gas delivery system 44 where that gas is mixed at or proximate to the patient device 72 for introduction into the patient 78. Since all of the pharmaceutical gas is still delivered to the patient over the plurality of breaths, basically the CPU 40 can carry out the same determination of flows and the like as explained with respect to the FIG. 3 embodiment. The main difference between this FIG. 4 embodiment, and that shown in FIG. 3 is that the patient trigger sensor 66 is designed to operate in a way that works with a ventilator 46.

For instance, when the ventilator 46 provides gas flow to a patient during inspiration, it causes a positive pressure in the breathing circuit. The positive pressure is conducted through the outlet conduit 70 and is detected by the patient trigger sensor 66 and is recognized as the start of inspiration. This is the opposite to the embodiment of FIG. 3 where the patient breathes spontaneously and a negative pressure is generated during inspiration in the patient device 18; this negative pressure is conducted to the patient trigger sensor 38 of FIG. 3 and is recognized as the start of inspiration. As can be appreciated, the patient trigger sensor 38 of FIG. 3 and the patient trigger sensor of FIG. 4 could be the same pressure sensor and the gas delivery system 44 can be set for work with a ventilator or a spontaneously breathing patient.

Those skilled in the art will readily recognize numerous adaptations and modifications which can be made to the pharmaceutical gas delivery system and method of delivering a pharmaceutical gas of the present invention which will result in an improved method and system for introducing a known desired quantity of a pharmaceutical gas into a patient, yet all of which will fall within the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined in the following claims. Accordingly, the invention is to be limited only by the following claims and their equivalents. 

1. A nitric oxide delivery system comprising: an inlet to connect to a source of pharmaceutical gas comprising nitric oxide; an outlet to connect to a device that introduces the pharmaceutical gas to a patient; a low flow valve in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet, wherein the low flow valve delivers the pharmaceutical gas at a first flow rate; a high flow valve in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet and in parallel to the low flow valve, wherein the high flow valve delivers the pharmaceutical gas at a second flow rate that is higher than the first flow rate; and a gas control system that delivers a pulse of the pharmaceutical gas through one or more of the low flow valve and the high flow valve.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the gas control system delivers the pulse of pharmaceutical gas during the first half of the patient's inspiratory cycle.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the low flow valve provides a flow of pharmaceutical gas of about 1 L/min.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the high flow valve provides a flow of pharmaceutical gas of about 6 L/min.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the flow rate of the high flow valve to the flow rate of the low flow valve is about 6:1.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the device that introduces the pharmaceutical gas to the patient is in fluid communication with a ventilator.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the device that introduces the pharmaceutical gas to the patient comprises one or more of a nasal cannula, an endotracheal tube and a face mask.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the source of pharmaceutical gas comprises nitric oxide in a known concentration in a carrier gas.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the gas control system controls the volume of pharmaceutical gas delivered during the patient's breath based upon the concentration of the nitric oxide in the carrier gas.
 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a patient trigger sensor that senses the beginning of a patient's inspiratory cycle.
 11. A method of administering a pharmaceutical gas comprising nitric oxide to a patient, the method comprising: providing a nitric oxide delivery system having a low flow valve and a high flow valve in parallel flow paths; sensing the beginning of patient inspiration; and delivering a pulse of pharmaceutical gas comprising nitric oxide to the patient during inspiration through one or more of the low flow valve and the high flow valve.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pulse of pharmaceutical gas is delivered during the first half of the patient's inspiratory cycle.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the low flow valve provides a flow of pharmaceutical gas of about 1 L/min.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the high flow valve provides a flow of pharmaceutical gas of about 6 L/min.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the ratio of the flow rate of the high flow valve to the flow rate of the low flow valve is about 6:1.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the pharmaceutical gas comprises nitric oxide in a known concentration in a carrier gas.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the volume of pharmaceutical gas delivered during the patient's breath is based upon the concentration of the nitric oxide in the carrier gas.
 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining the patient's respiratory rate. 